Theories of Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speculations of Policy Process - Essay Example The hypothesis infers a few strategies can possibly change if certain controls like tenacity and stakes of an organization are accessible. Arrangements are classified into long haul approaches and transient strategies. A model is if the country’s constitution expresses that a president should run for two terms it is hard to actualize another strategy, which proposes that the president must guideline for one term, or three terms. Punctuated balance hypothesis tries to clarify basic perceptions like political procedures. Political procedures are persistently connected with incrementalism and dependability; they once in a while produce huge scope takeoffs from an earlier time. Most arrangement zones experience balance despite the fact that an emergency can happen. America is encountering enormous scope changes in policymaking and legislative issues. Some Government projects can be modified so as to suit change. Qualities The hypothesis incorporates times of balance or close to harmony. If an issue is seized by a subsystem and times of disequilibrium, at that point a large scale political plan happens. A full scale political plan can progress to the degree of causing changes in the strategy procedure. Consequently, as indicated by this hypothesis little changes bring about huge changes. Shortcoming The hypothesis is just appropriate to circumstances confronting balance or harmony. If there is no harmony factors and requirement for change, at that point the approach neglects to exist. The Stage Heuristic Theory The hypothesis expresses that the most ideal approach to contemplate policymaking is to separate it to stages.

Female representation in computer games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Female portrayal in PC games - Essay Example The paper Female portrayal in PC games finds the Images of Women in Computer Based Gaming. The game World of Warcraft permits the player to make their own portrayal, however the vast majority of the females and guys have sexualized portrayals that draw in the client in genuine externalization of the human structure. In a conversation of the speculations proposed by John Berger, the nature of the customer to craftsmanship can be seen through the assessment of the workmanship and symbolism that has been created in the gaming scene. The idea of gaming is to such an extent that it makes an elective space in which female and male typification is locked in so that not exclusively is the idea of the human moved into an alternate space, the moves that are made as portrayals of brave are put inside the sexual dream space. Pictures that are utilized for gaming are portrayals of contemporary workmanship, made through various mediums utilized for various purposes. A large portion of it is made t hrough PC age, yet there is a lot of craftsmanship that is done through the conventional mechanism of canvas and brush with either oils or acrylics. These pieces are utilized for limited time esteem, despite the fact that PC age of pictures has progressed to where aesthetically rendered work is fundamentally the same as that which used to require canvas and paint. For instance, Fig.1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are a female and male characters from World of Warcraft, rendered aesthetically as an emotive piece which is planned. to connect with the shopper by making envy. Berger talks about the job of jealousy in charm, the nature of utilizing the buyer with traits of an authentic figure that can never be accomplished, along these lines keeping up a desirous association which is never moved to the customer. La Grange summarizes Berger and states that â€Å"The envision themselves changed by purchasing the item and jealousy this changed self. In actuality, the exposure picture has brought down the spectators’ confidence and offers it back on the off chance that they purchase the product† (8). Gaming truly offers the experience of turning into the fortunate figure, the purchaser ready to control the activities of the character, accomplishing objectives and formulating all necessary plans through that picture. Berger talks about the manner by which the character and oneself are joined with the idea of proprietorship and jealousy. In claiming a thing, the ideal impact is to have become the portrayal of how that thing makes the character of oneself. In claiming something, there will never be a result of genuine joy, yet a development towards obtaining the following thing. La Grange expresses that Berger suggested that â€Å"The individual is caught between what he is and what he might want to be† (9). In picking what to purchase, the individual looks to discover bliss, but since joy can't be accomplished by the procurement, the individual is basically wea k. Somehow or another, gaming fills this hole as the control of the picture that has been picked turns into an augmentation of oneself, the individual set inside the space of the game as that picture and securing through the decisions that are made about the activities of the picture. La Grange clarifies the connections of the responsibility for as it is applicable to the character. She expresses that through Berger, it very well may be seen that â€Å"oil painting commended private property; it communicated the possibility that you are what you have†

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compare and contrast three core theories of counselling

Compare and Contrast the Three Core Theories of Counselling The British Association for Counselling’s Code of Ethics and Practice for Counsellors states that ‘Counselling may be concerned with developmental issues, addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, developing personal insight and knowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict or improving relationships with others’ (BACP Ethical Framework). Throughout this essay I will illustrate the similarities and differences between the three core theories by looking at the theory behind each concept, the nature of the client/counsellor relationship and the techniques used. The three core theories to be considered here are Humanistic,†¦show more content†¦Winnicot introduced the terms â€Å"true self† and â€Å"false self† into the Psychodynamic language in 1960 ( D. W. Winnicott, 1965, pp. 140-152.). This shows a similarity between the two theories as they both show how those who step away from their real self or true selves and live in the adapted self or false selves, can often become depressed and un-fulfilled in their lives. The adapted self can also be linked to the defence mechanisms used in Psychodynamic therapy as it is a way to protect one’s self from reality. Unlike Person-Centred therapy Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a scientific model founded in the 1960’s by Aaron Beck. It joins the theories of both Cognitive therapy and behavioural. He noticed that many of his counselling clients had an â€Å"Internal dialogue† (Beck, 1979) that was often negative and self-defeating and influenced behaviour. He realised that by working on these internal dialogues and making them positive it could effectively lead to positive changes in the behaviour of the clients. CBT focuses on the images, self-belief and attitudes held by the client and how these things can affect the client’sShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding counselling theory. Essay example1389 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Macclesfield College ABC Level 3 Certificate in Counselling Skills Assignment 2 Understanding counselling theory. Unit 2- R/601/7575 Hana Lewis- 144383 ABC 17970-33 Contents Page 3 : Introduction. (157 words) Page 3 : Origins of Person- centred counselling (198 words) Page 4: Key concepts and principles of Person- centred counselling. (288 words) Page 5 : How does Person-centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? (245 words) Read MoreCOMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE2573 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿COMPARISON AND CONTRAST THE THREE MAIN CORE COUNSELLING THEORIES There are three main theories of counselling: Person Centred Counselling, C. Rogers, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, A Beck and Psychodynamic, S. Freud. These theories work well on their own but there are commonalities and differences between them. This essay will compare and contrast the three theories There is concept of the person within the three schools. Rogers’ hypothesis was that everybody has the resource within themRead MoreThree Theoretical Approaches to Conselling2755 Words   |  11 Pages This essay will compare and contrast three theoretical approaches to counselling – psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Underlying assumptions Psychoanalysis assumes behaviours we display when we are adults are rooted in our childhood experiences and CBT assumes behaviour as a learned response. Psychoanalysis links childhood event and associated feelings to current problems which is similar to CBT where many of client’s schemas were created when he wasRead Moreâ€Å"Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One†.2459 Words   |  10 Pagestherapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one†. The term ‘therapy’ has been defined as an activity which ‘involves the treatment of a disease or disorder, by some remedial, rehabilitating, or curative process’. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome problems in a modern world, with some sharing similarities but also differences. The intent of this essay is to compare and contrast the behaviouristRead MoreCore Theoretical Perspectives in Counselling2052 Words   |  9 Pagesthe three core theoretical perspectives in counselling, personal centred, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic I will look at the general theory, the view of the person in therapy, the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the goals and techniques of each theory. I will compare and contrast the three approaches looking at the similarities and differences between the three counselling perspectives and how the counsellor in ea ch theory differ in their techniques to counselling theirRead MoreCompare and Contrast Person Centred with Psychodynamic Essay2453 Words   |  10 Pagesdifferences in the three approaches, I will review the relationship between client and counsellor. I will attempt to discover how the relationship is formed and how it is maintained during the therapeutic process. Once this has been established, I will then look at how the changes occur in the therapeutic relationship and which techniques will be used. I will compare and contrast the approaches of Carl Rogers, Sigmund Freud and Albert Ellis. I will look at how their theories have impacted on theRead MoreCompare and Contrast2738 Words   |  11 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individualRead MoreCompare and Contrast2751 Words   |  12 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individualRead MoreMod 6 Relationship Theory Used In Couples Counselling3719 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and contrast two theories/ models of relationships and show how they might be utilised by a therapist who is engaged in couples counselling Name: Zoe Foster Date: 14th January 2015 Course: SOUTH2S14 Module #: 6 Tutor Name: Anni Richardson Expected Word Count: 2500 Actual Word Count: 2634 Introduction In this paper I will look at what is means to be a couples’ counsellor. What theories apply to this mode of counselling and how can these can be utilised during the sessions. I willRead MoreTransculture and Person- Centred Counselling Essay2885 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and contrast two counselling theories covered on this module. Discuss the strengths and limitations of the two models. In this essay I am going to explore two multicultural theories which are person centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. I will start by discussing the two perspectives in relations to then illustrate the similarities and differences between them. During this time I will also be identifying the strengths and limitations of both of the models. The Gestalt approach to

The United States Population Is Spread Out Across A...

The United States population is spread out across a spectrum of the political ideologies. We are typically seen as being on the â€Å"left†, also called liberals, or on the â€Å"right†, called conservatives. The two main political parties in our country are the Democrats, whose supporters are typically on the left, and the Republicans, whose supporters are on the right. These parties and their policies, however, are becoming more polarized and are attracting the more extreme members of their party and not the moderate voters, which make up the majority of the voters. By setting policies that the moderate voters would agree with can help political parties gain more voters, as long as they do not lean too far away from their base groups, or their strongest and more extreme voters. Republicans would gain supporters by changing their policies on free trade agreements, immigration, healthcare, and wall street to those that are more similar to the most of the public. These s upporters would come from the moderate voters, like the hard-pressed skeptics and the young outsiders, and some of the other liberal groups, like the next-generation left and the faith and family left. Today the Republican party wants to repeal all free trade agreements. This is in contrast with the majority of the general population, in which 59% believe that free trade agreements are good for our nation and 30% believe that they are bad. The Democrats on the other hand support most of the agreements that are aroundShow MoreRelatedThe New Waves Of Feminism821 Words   |  4 Pages New waves of feminism has been spreading across all states with each varying due to the political and cultural climate of said states. One example of this interaction between a state, its people, and the game that is social advancement is Iran. Despite Iran attempting to equalize men and women in socioeconomic and educational aspects (and, sometimes, not even that), the continuation of protests for women ’s rights proves that some rights are more valuable to the advancement of gender equality thanRead MoreNew Waves Of Feminism : Women s Rights821 Words   |  4 Pages New waves of feminism have been spreading across all states with each varying due to the political and cultural climate of said states. One example of this interaction between a state, its people, and the game that is social advancement is Iran. Despite Iran attempting to equalize men and women in socioeconomic and educational aspects (and, sometimes, not even that), the continuation of protests for women’s rights proves that some rights are more valuable to the advancement of gender equality thanRead MoreThe History of the Canadian Political Landscape1788 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian political landscape has a rich and complex history spanning from ‘sea to sea’, just as the nation itself. Chronicles of dominance, leadership, and association by the United Kingdom, France, and the Unite d States has ultimately shaped the Canadian national consciousness, resulting in the political ideologies and governance we see today. To best describe the characteristic of Canadian politics, one can refer to ‘Fragment Theory’ where a colonial nation, such as Canada, is predominantlyRead MoreThe Acquittal Of George Zimmerman For The Death Of Trayvon Martin1404 Words   |  6 Pagesother friends they shared their experiences and stories on other social media platforms and subsequently created a socio-political campaign. Soon it became a powerful force of hashtag activism that is now an international movement that has more than 26 chapters globally. According to it founders the activist movement follows guiding principles that support â€Å"an ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise.† It was the emergenceRead MoreEssay On Yellow Journalism1890 Words   |  8 Pagesis contribut ing to the amount of yellow journalism and fake news that is occurring, which is ultimately leading to party polarization. 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Customer Service and Marketing at MM Free Essays

MM possesses a competitive position in this segment in terms of quality product offering and close customer relationships wrought high level Of customer support. 2. With intensive improvements in power-to-size ratios and customer service, we saw potential to regain and grow our market share in Segment A and anchor them as our main business. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service and Marketing at MM or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initially, we contemplated pursuing sales from Segment D and small customers. However, Segment Ad’s main concern turned out to be solely on price. To maintain them, as key customers, we would need to reduce list price substantially. This would prevent us from maximizing revenue and profit from other segments. As for small customers, we recognized an issue of channel inflict as these customers purchased through the distributor channel. We learnt through the simulation that distributors would vary their profit margins freely, and could at times sell the motors lower than our prices to large customers. Hence, to avoid this conflict, we decided not to focus on small customers. Furthermore, we also learnt that we could encounter low market share and decreasing profit margins if we tried to target more than 2 customer segments. So therefore, we decided not to pursue Segment D and small customers. How does customer satisfaction change over time? How do you balance hard reference metrics such as revenues and profits with soft metrics such as customer satisfaction? The segment of the motor industry in which MM operated was highly competitive, with over 1 00 participants. Over 70% of M’s revenues were generated from customers that placed large-volume orders. The relationship between MM and its customers was a close one, involving a constant dialogue between many participants. The quality of these relationships and the benefits gained by both sides were critically important to MM. However, customer interviews suggested that large customers were tarring to be dissatisfied with the quality of M’s sales team. We chose to allocate 90% of our sales force to the large customers since nearly all our sales volume were attributed to them whereas only 10% was allocated to small customers to provide space for our distributors to implement their own marketing and sales efforts. As we progressed, the volume we received from small customers dropped while that for large customers increased, in line with M’s marketing positioning. Hence, we further increased the proportion of sales resources for large customers to 98%, and also pumped in more ending on sales support for them. Since Segment A was our primary target segment, we allocated the largest proportion of our large customer sales support hours, I. E. 41 %, to them. Segment D, our secondary target segment was given 40%. We also gave 10% to Segment B, because we deemed that while Segment B continued to buy from MM, we should try to improve their satisfaction level, so as to avoid negative word of mouth in the market. The least attention, 1 0%, was given to Segment C, since they responded more to prices than sales support. The quality of sales representative interaction with Segment A was extremely high due to the large number of hours spent on them. The interaction with Segments B and C were good whereas the interaction with Segment D was fair. We managed to make Segments A and C â€Å"very satisfied† and Segment D â€Å"satisfied† at the end of the Simi lotion. Segment D did not register higher satisfaction due to the higher price compared to their expectations. Segment B remained â€Å"dissatisfied†, due to the lower thermal resistance offered by Our product. Given M’s market share and revenue challenges, our team determined the short- and long-term equines goals for MM as follows: 1 . Short-term goal: Acquire high market share in primary market segments. 2. Long-term goals: Attain consistently high profit margins and maintain market share. To achieve these objectives with a limited budget, M’s marketing strategy had to centre on value provision. Building on M’s original strengths, we saw the opportunity to delight customers with superior power-to-size ratio. We identified Segments A and C as our primary and secondary target segments, as their needs fell within the optimal zone where our product positioning could provide a preference. With the need to reverse declining market share and boost customer satisfaction, aggressive investment in M’s RD was necessary to build a strong and positive brand name for our power-efficient motors and manage internal costs. This allowed us to price our motors to create value for customers while extracting value for our business. Enhanced increased in our sales representatives and marketing communications were identified as critical in communicating MM motors’ value to customers, and formed the key differentiators in managing M’s dual sales force and distributor channels. How does customer satisfaction relate to customer loyalty? Retention is a reflection of a customers willingness to remain with a particular company’s service or products and is useful to measure customer loyalty. The relationship between MM and its customers was a close one, starting to be dissatisfied with the quality of M’s sales team. For the split between customer retention and acquisition, we learned that having a higher focus on customer retention produced much higher overall sales. Experience from earlier runs indicated that a high investment in new customer acquisition did not trigger proportionate increase in new customer sales. This could be due to channel conflict with distributors seeking to gain new customers as well. Therefore, our eventual strategy focused on customer retention as to protect our market share, and consequently, still generate new sales through referrals from existing customers. Our heavily trained sales force did a very good job in acquiring nevus customers despite their limited time on new customer acquisition and due to our high retention rate we could rapidly expand our market share in Segment A shows the sales split teen existing and new customers. How should you manage MM pricing? What does it take to justify price increase? How does price discounting affect the outcome? Market research proved to be an important tool for us to determine pricing. Initially, We thought keeping prices constant would help us gain market share that would compensate for the margin. However, we learnt that by adjusting our prices according to customers’ price expectations for Segments A, B and C was more effective in maximizing our revenues. Exhibit shows that as time passed, there was generally an increase in willingness to pay across these segments. Therefore, we increased our prices slowly to extract value for MM, while we aggressively increased power-to-size ratios to create value for our target segments. This enabled us to increase market share. Given Segment Ad’s price sensitiveness, we gave them maximum discount allowed as a sales strategy and attempt to claim market share in this segment. We kept our discount rate for the distributors constant so that the distributors can better plan their distributor margin depending on their business needs. Over the course of the simulation, our pricing (across all segments) increased by a total of 2%. A conscious effort was made to increase price at a slow and incremental pace to prevent price shocks and allow the market to stabilize in response to each price increase. Although flexibility in setting prices acts as a quick fix for the management to achieve short-term targets, it would send mixed signals to the market and hence should be avoided when possible. We observed that our competitors reacted to our price increases in the same direction but consistently kept their rates lower than ours. From these reactions, we realized that competing on prices would have a detrimental effect on our refits. How do you balance short-term and long-term investments? We invested heavily in enhancing our product’s power-to-size ratio as to build a strong brand name and gain a competitive advantage over our competitors. The market research was valuable to help us keep track of our product performance over competitors and against customer expectations, so that we can moderate our research investment over. Our strategic positioning on power-to-size ratio shown success as we observed from the market research that, after 4 quarters of the simulation, our competitors started to position homeless in producing high thermal resistance products and decreased their focus on power-to-size ratio. While we limited investments on thermal resistance to improve company financial, we were able to manage the thermal resistance performance against customer expectations such that sales and customer satisfaction of our product were not affected. In addition, we gradually increased our investment in manufacturing efficiency in order to keep the cost of goods sold under control in the long run How does channel conflict figure into your pricing decisions? How do you minimize channel conflict? 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European Agricultural Policy free essay sample

European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) isthe set of regulations and practices endorsed by the EU to bestow a common and integrated policy on agriculture which proved a capacity to accommodate and alter in the face of new challenges. Its primary aims are: increasing agricultural productivity with the help of technological progression, stabilizing markets for agricultural products, ensuring reasonable standard of living for farmers, making goods cheaper and more affordable for consumers and last but not least supplying food on sufficient scale. There are several methods that CAP used to realizeits purposes, for example price floor. Price flooris minimum price appointed ‘by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance’. As we see the graph below, price floor is a problem if it is set above the equilibrium price but not an issue if it is below the equilibrium price. . When the government installs price floor is above the equilibrium price supply will exceed demand. How? When the price floor is above the equilibrium price consumers do not intend to purchase as much quantity. The consumers will buy ‘the quantity where the quantity demanded is equal to the price floor, or where the demand curve intersects the price floor line’. Besides, the higher prices will spur producers to supply more than the demanded quantity. The suppliers will supply where the price floor equivalent with the suppliers’ marginal cost. Hence, it will induce surplus. The most powerful example of price floor effect was a ‘butter mountain’ and ‘wine lake’. There are numerous ways that governments use to avoid and mitigate enormous surpluses like the ‘butter mountain’ phenomenon. Firstly, they might buy the surplus up (from the taxes) and export it, but it makes the taxpayers worse off. Secondly, the government might set production quotas (lobbying for rights and even bribery)to motivate the reduction of production (in some cases literally pay farmers no to produce). Overall, a price floor has more costs than benefits for the government and society. Although, it helps farmers and a relatively small group of people, it hurts the major part of the society at the same time. It causes a deadweight welfare loss. It happens when the government accept a regulation that removes the market away from equilibrium, advantageous selling and purchasing that would have occurred can no longer befall. So, therefore CAP had to find another way to protect the farmers and to not cause problems in other parts of the society. To overcome the problem associated with the price floor the government adopted a policy to introduce a subsidy. The subsidy ‘a benefit given by the government to groups or individuals usually in the form of a cash payment or tax reduction’. This kind of government intervention is usually given to dislodge some type of burden and is usually regarded to serve the interests of the public. For instance in case of farming, the government might provide cash subsidies to farmers thus they can vend at a lower price that is what helps farming to survive in an extremely competitive market. As we see the graph above, the subsidy causes a right-ward shift of the supply curve. It means that farmers are encouraged to produce more food at lower market prices. The quantity demanded will increase because the price is lower which stimulates consumers to purchase more. The demand curve stays the same because the only change was to quantity demanded. The implemented direct agricultural subsidy by CAP has various effects on different parts of the market and society. The government will have financial costs which are what they pay for farmers to help them to be more competitive on the market. The farmers’ gain equals to the government’s financial cost. Thus, farmers will be better-off because of the increased income. The citizens, who are consumers and taxpayers at the same time, will have benefits and costs as well. Although, they will benefit fromcheaper products (consumer surplus) they will pay the government’s financial cost in the form of taxes. Finally, other international markets on broader scale will benefit if the prices of products become more expensive or they will lose if the price is less in the market. As the essay title given, we need to consider two methods of agricultural subsidy. In case of England, farmers receive cash subsidy for each hectare without restriction in terms of production. The problem with this method is that farmers do not have incentive to produce in the most efficient way because they get their money either way. Therefore, the supplied quantity will not achieve the expectations. We can clearly see (below) how farmers cut back their production and does not affect the amount of cash subsidy that they receive from the government. This sort of subsidy is an appropriate example to illustrate the misallocation of government resources. In the second case (Scotland), producers receive cash subsidy after production which result more effort. The farmers will get subsidy in proportion with production. Consequently, the subsidy will achieve the required result and increase the supply and quantity demanded simultaneously. However, subsidy raises the issue of equity (transfer of resources, government takes money from one part of the society (consumers) and give to another one (farmers)) we should consider the longer term effects and see that consumers will take advantage of it. The sufficient supply of food (especially in case of the example of Scotland) will protect citizens from dramatic tax burdens and prevent food shortage in the future. Personally I think, scrutinizing the consequences of two different approaches, price floor cannot help the economy effectively overall. On the other hand, subsidy is a more efficient way to protect the agricultural community without hurting other parts of the society. In my opinion we should adopt multi-dimensional approach. References: Gregory, Makiw and Taylor, M. P. 2011: Economics 2nd edition: 118-135. Paul,Krugman and Wells, Robin. 2009:Economics 2nd edition.